Dealing With Global Income Inequality and its Consequences

Dealing With Global In neck unlikeness and its ConsequencesTim MulliganProblem BackgroundThe passing of while has generally served to usefulness some(prenominal) of the problems revolving instauration(prenominal) relations. As time has progressed, so gestate adult male development policies, inter subject field organizations and missions for globose peacekeeping. Time has brought us to an era where atomic weapons experience made all- come in war is obsolete, and where greater efforts towards controlling humour qualify be technologically possible. Time has non served the worlds income dissimilarity well, though. Income contrast is one of international relations searchingly insurmountable obstacles and this can be attributed to several factors that invite continuously plagued and complicated the issue.Although new-fashioned studies may report increases in the worlds average income inside the past few decades, range of frugalal inequality have by and large remaine d the same. (Milanovic, para. ) Moreover, the income inequality rates of the world have risen s stock-stillteen sh are since the year 1820 and entirely show signs of continuing this pattern. (Breaking the Camels Back) These global rates have experienced rises and falls in correlation to the public assistance of the worlds economy, higher equality in confirmatory stinting times and lower equality in times of economic crisis. But, the definition for why income inequality has fallenand continues to falltranscends the simple explanation of measly economy= vile economic equality and near(a) economy=good economic equality. The worlds declining rate of equality is a product of a result of upcountry and international feels including political sympathiesal policies, ethnic discrepancies, colonization and the earths limited resources, all of which have undermined the financial equality of individuals for centuries. The complexness in the causality of this issue is what makes the development and implementation of appropriate international policies much(prenominal) a difficult task.It is withal important to note that income inequality does not strictly put on individuals, but also has a large strike on states and further more(prenominal) the world as a whole. The income inequality of individuals indoors a state or nation will often be indicative of the states overall power and more importantly its stability. E actuallything from economic influence, military power, the standard of living, and political participation are byproducts of a states aim of income inequality. This is because the individuals who experience this degree of poverty typically go unrepresented, either because the wealthinessy control the interests of the state or because they are under a dictatorship that does not allow them delegacy. Without equal representation politically and economically, states often face internal struggles with rebellion, constant regime changes, education, utter around(prenominal) poverty and even civil war. These are indicators of a failed state, which is a state in which the presidency is not in control of its citizens. This wish of stability can shut down government, international trading, national defense, adult male development and different things that are imperative not only to internal stability, but to relations with the rest of the world.Analysis of the Policy Problem some(prenominal) experts provide strength indemnity options for the improvement of global income inequality trainsRobert Muggah suggests that positive changes in income inequality and poverty are rooted in the social structure and policies of urban urban center governments. He approaches the issue on the basis that the governments of laboured urban cities have a more direct impact on the level of income inequality finishedout the world than state governments. His emphasis is on converse between city mayors and citizens as well as communication and c ooperation between poor cities and wealthy cities. (Muggah, urban Renaissance)Muggah takes a liberal and very unique approach to the problem. In his expert opinion, he believes that pop offical anaesthetic mayors quest to be more receptive to the opinions of their citizens. This is in order to generate an agenda that better embodies the opinions of those who may go unrepresented because of their wiped out(p) status. Muggah believes that the most commonly divided up opinions may not in fact be the ones that are receiving preaching through policies and that a better line of communication between government and citizen could bring about more pieceive government in regards to traffic with income inequality. (Muggah, Urban Rennaissance)Muggah also finds protect in unifying wealthy cities with poor cities. He views this not only as a source of financial aid for struggling cities, but also as an opportunity for impoverished cities to observe potentially more forcefulnessive incom e inequality policies. (Muggah, Urban Rennaissance)A second form _or_ system of government side of meat to observe is that of David dollar and Aart Kraay. They take a stance promoting the clears of globalisation as a means of lowering the level of income inequality throughout the world. They believe that many countries with high rates of income inequality are in such a state because they lack a connection with new(prenominal), richer countries. They are losing the battle of income inequality internally without looking outward for opportunity and aid from new(prenominal) countries. dollar sign and Kraay also stress the subject that the economic decisions of powerful countries play a huge role in the level of global inequality. (Dollar, Kraay, A Rising Tide)The primary point of Dollar and Kraay is that countries that are struggling with income inequality need to find opportunities in international trade and foreign investments. This is because the improvement of impoverished countries is at the will of the worlds more powerful countries. They believe that rich countries that deny economic integration with poor countries need to be dealt consequences or be persuade to do former(a)wise. Another theory of theirs is that poor countries need to construct governing systems that are consistent with the process of globalization. (Dollar, Kraay, A Rising Tide)Branko Milanovic maintains a stand that is contradictory to Dollar and Kraays. Milanovic does not find globalism to generate the amount of wealth for a country that is necessary to bring its impoverished out of inequality. He stands firmly behind the idea that extreme capitalist economy has the greatest chance of decreasing the amount of global income inequality. His idea is that the generation of wealth and jobs from capitalists will in turn over generate a larger pot of wealth and opportunities to be shared with the poor. (Milanovic, para. 11-20)Milanovics argument is that capitalism is an unbeata ble force and that mitigating an individuals desire for more wealth is impossible. Because of this, he believes that it is a better idea to employ capitalism for its economic ripening advantages rather than push for individuals to redistribute their funds among the poor. With that said, Milanovic also calls for a restore in the mindset of the modern capitalist that counselinges more on entrepreneurship and the deliver of wealth rather than illustrious spending. He specifically refers to the winner-take-all attitude that capitalists have taken on since the 1980s which he believes has caused wealthy businessmen to focus on personal growth rather than expansion that can benefit all. Milanovic finds that a country benefits more from internal wealth and job public than becoming interdependent with other countries. (Milanovic, para. 13-21)Ryo Arawataris policy position is base on the effect that elector turnout has on the income inequality level of countries. Arawatari tested his t heory that low voter turnout may have a negative impact on the level of income inequality in a country with a series of mathematical equations. (Arawatari, pg.32- 53)The results of his tests found that in that respect is a significant negative relationship between the two, mathematically speaking.Arawatari proposes that perhaps income inequality could be lower if more citizens that were impoverished voted and provided themselves with representation regarding the diffusion of wealth in their country. He also found that lower voter turnout (statistically) stunts a countries GDP growth rate which could in turn increase the level of inequality in the country. Although he does not specifically propose a change in policy, Arawatari analyses the value of voting and res publica as a potential factor to change the level of income inequality globally. (Arawatari, pg. 29-32)It is important to note the variety of policy positions that are presented. The experts that are cited have fairly d ifferent viewpoints in regards to addressing the problem of global income inequality. The two views that seem to contain similarities (if any) are Robert Muggah and Ryo Arawataris. Both of these experts advocate an increase in citizen-to-government involvement. Muggah promotes the value of communication between citizens and their local government officials and Arawatari promotes the value of the democratic vote. (Muggah, Urban Renaissance) These are both solutions to global income inequality that rely on the internal processes of countries rather than their policies on foreign affairs. Branko Milanovic also proposes a solution that involves countries working from within their borders but he focuses on what wealthy capitalists can do to lower inequality rather than what the impoverished can do for themselves. (Milanovic, pg.13-20)Branko Milanovic and David Dollar and Aart Kraay have the most conflicting policy stances. Milanovic belittles the value of globalization, which on the co ntradictory Dollar and Kraay are strong proponents. They disagree not on whether globalization has a positive effect on global income inequality, but whether this affect is influential enough to cause a swift, significant and positive change in the problem. (Milanovic, pg.13-20) Not only do they contradict each other on which policy provides the greatest reduction in income inequality, Milanovic goes as farther as claiming that globalization will not produce results quickly enough. Milanovic includes timeliness as an important tool for the support for his argument which other experts did not appear to touch on. (Milanovic, pg.13-20)Robert Muggah may have the most unique position on the problem of global income inequality. His addressing of global inequality at the local government level provides a far different solution than other experts. As Milanovic, Arawatari, Dollar and Kraay champion policies that take place at the national or international level, Muggah has a grassroots app roach which calls for change at the lowest level of government. Not only that, but his policy relies on a humanitarian and moral policy change while the other experts look more into more structural changes and globalization efforts. Muggah proposes working from the arsehole up instead of the more popular policies which work form the top down to solve global income inequality. (Muggah, Urban Renaissance)Major ConclusionsThe opinions of these experts are drastically different from one another in regards to their range of options and applicability. Robert Muggahs serves as the most loosely applicable option. As a policy ground simply on better communication between urban city mayors and citizens, the policy can hardly be called a policy, as there is no structural way to implement the idea either within a country or on an international level. This policy could only be applied to cities which are a part of democratic regimes and in states that have local governments. (Muggah, Urban Ren aissance)Arawataris policy is much more comprehensive than it is ad hoc. Arawatari does not propose a structural policy either, he calls for an initiative to increase voter turnout which greatly limits the potential application for his ideology. This policy would also be limited to use in democratic regimes that have an electorate and even more specifically, states with low voter turnout. (Arawatari, pg.29)Milanovic is also proposes a fairly comprehensive policy that could only be exercised by a select group of countries, or individuals for that matter. His advocacy for extreme capitalism would only apply to countries that have a capitalistic economy which is a fairly small percentage of the countries which have high rates of income inequality. Also, the aspect of his argument that calls for modern capitalists to focus more on entrepreneurial set of job growth and distribution is not enforceable by government which limits its application. (Milanovic, para.13-20)Dollar and Kraays po licy is the more as hoc of the group. Their advocacy for globalization is not only a policy that can be implemented in nearly every country, but it can also be instituted through the means of foreign policy efforts, economic interdependency and foreign investment. In promoting globalization, Dollar and Kraay are actually advocating the expansion of the applicability of their own policy. (Dollar. Kraay, A Rising Tide)The policies put forth by these experts have applications that would not product results for a long period of time as income inequality and other such economic factors are not susceptible to quick changes. The complexity and depth of global income inequality alone could cause even the most successful policy to take a significant amount of time to impact the world.Arawatari and Muggahs policies although being the most abstract of the policies, could yield the speedy results due to their more direct approach to increasing the representation of individuals who are impover ished. Muggahs policy of communication between citizens and mayors could have an immediate effect on the representation of cities and their potential changes to help increase income equality depending on the legislatures of the city. If the legislature considers the opinions of the impoverished citizens then perhaps change can come about through statutes. (Muggah, Urban Renaissance) Arawataris policy of increased voter turnout can also bring about immediate changes in legislature or public figures that can provide for higher rates of income equality for the impoverished.Milanovic, Dollar and Kraay have more long term policies. Milanovics policy hinges upon the changing of the mindset of capitalists which may not be a destruction to rely on as it is abstract. Also his advocacy for extreme capitalism would not generate an immediate change in income inequality because even if the mindsets of capitalists were to align right with his proposed ideal, these individuals could take decades to make an impact that would have an effect on an entire countries economy. (Milanovic, para. 9-20) Dollar and Kraays globalization policy would take the nightlong not only to implement, to take effect. Creating economic interdependency and expanding relations with other counties alone is a task, but the economic growth that would be anticipate to follow would take even longer. There are also many factors that can inhibit the policies continuity like war, terrorism and global economic crisis.ReferencesArawatari, Ryo. Informatization, Voter Turnout and Income Inequality. Journal of Economic Inequality 7, no. 1 (2007) 29-54. Accessed April 27, 2015. doi border district 2009.Breaking the Camels Back. The Economist. October 4, 2014. Accessed April 15, 2015. http//www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21621908-what-impressive-work-economic-history-tells-you-about-inequality-breaking.Dollar, David, and Aart Kraay. Spreading the Wealth. exotic Affairs. January 1, 2002. Accessed M arch 20, 2015. http//www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/57626/david-dollar-and-aart-kraay/spreading-the-wealth.Milanovic, Branko. Inequality and Its Discontents. Foreign Affairs. August 12, 2011. Accessed March 28, 2015. http//www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/68031/branko-milanovic/inequality-and-its-discontents.Muggah, Robert. Fixing Fragile Cities. Foreign Affairs. January 15, 2015. AccessedMarch 20, 2015. http//www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/142760/robert-muggah/fixingfragile-cities